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1 East Midlands
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2 the Midlands
['mɪdləndz]Ми́длендс, Центра́льные гра́фства А́нглии [ England 1)] (иногда их делят на западные [West Midlands] и восточные [East Midlands])English-Russian Great Britain dictionary (Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь) > the Midlands
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3 EMA
1) Общая лексика: Europe, Middle East and Africa, Educational Maintenance Allowance, East Midlands Airport, аэропорт "Ист-Мидлэндс" (Ноттингем)2) Компьютерная техника: Electronic Management Automation, electromagnetic actuator3) Медицина: Европейское агентство лекарственных средств, European Medicines Agency (Европейское агенство по контролю за оборотом лекарственных средств; неофициальная аббревиатура, официальной остается EMEA)4) Американизм: Emergency Management Agency5) Военный термин: Electronics Materiel Agency, electromagnetic analysis, emergency assistance, emergency movements, atomic, engine maintenance area, equipment maintenance agreement6) Техника: Electronics Manufacturers Association, Electronics Material Agency, electronic maintenance assembly, electronic measuring apparatus, extended memory area7) Сельское хозяйство: Environmental Management For Agriculture8) Химия: Ethylene Methacrylic Acid9) Юридический термин: Education Maintenance Allowance, Emotionally Motivated Agent10) Геодезия: Elevation Mask Angle (GPS)11) Музыка: European Music Awards12) Оптика: extramural absorption13) Радио: E Mail Address14) Сокращение: Electromagnetic Armour, Electronic Missile Acquisition, Emergency Management Activity, Envelope Manufacturers Association (industry trade association), Equipment Maintenance Allowance (i.e. mileage for private car), European Marketing Association, External Mounting Assembly, Emergency Minerals Administration (US), Copolymer From Ethylene and Methacrylic Acid, Electronic Mail/Messaging Association, Exponential Moving Average15) Физиология: Extra Muscular Action16) Электроника: Easy Magnetization Axis17) Вычислительная техника: Extended Mercury Autocode, Enterprise Management Architecture (DEC), Electronic Messaging Association (organization, USA), Ассоциация производителей электронного оборудования, Ассоциация электронной промышленности по передаче сообщений18) Нефть: equivalent methane in air19) Иммунология: epithelial membrane antigen20) Фирменный знак: Educational Media Association21) Деловая лексика: Extended Maintenance Agreement, Европейское валютное соглашение (European Monetary Agreement)22) Нефтегазовая техника Engine Manufacturers Association23) Образование: УМО24) Инвестиции: European Monetary Agreement25) Сетевые технологии: Electronic Mail Association, Electronic Manufacturers Association, Electronic Messaging Association, Enterprise Management Architecture, External Model Access, Ассоциация разработчиков систем электронной почты26) Макаров: the effective mass approximation27) Расширение файла: Enterprise Management/Memory Architecture28) Общественная организация: European Manipuri Association29) Аэропорты: East Midlands, England, UK -
4 EMAP
1) Военный термин: Electromagnetic Analysis Program2) Фирменный знак: East Midlands Allied Press, Edelman Media Analysis And Planning3) Океанография: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program -
5 emap
1) Военный термин: Electromagnetic Analysis Program2) Фирменный знак: East Midlands Allied Press, Edelman Media Analysis And Planning3) Океанография: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program -
6 Cotchett, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. 1700s[br]English engineer who set up the first water-powered textile mill in Britain at Derby.[br]At the beginning of the eighteenth century, silk weaving was one of the most prosperous trades in Britain, but it depended upon raw silk worked up on hand twisting or throwing machines. In 1702 Thomas Cotchett set up a mill for twisting silk by water-power at the northern end of an island in the river Derwent at Derby; this would probably have been to produce organzine, the hard twisted thread used for the warp when weaving silk fabrics. Such mills had been established in Italy beginning with the earliest in Bologna in 1272, but it would appear that Cotchett used Dutch silk-throwing machinery that was driven by a water wheel that was 13½ ft (4.1 m) in diameter and built by the local engineer, George Sorocold. The enterprise soon failed, but it was quickly revived and extended by Thomas and John Lombe with machinery based on that being used successfully in Italy.[br]Further ReadingD.M.Smith, 1965, Industrial Archaeology of the East Midlands, Newton Abbot (provides an account of Cotchett's mill).W.H.Chaloner, 1963, "Sir Thomas Lombe (1685–1739) and the British silk industry", History Today (Nov.).R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (a brief coverage of the development of early silk throwing mills).D.Kuhn, 1988, Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. V: Chemistry and ChemicalTechnology, Part 9, Textile Technology: spinning and reeling, Cambridge (covers the diffusion of the techniques of the mechanization of the silk-throwing industry from China to the West).RLH -
7 Levers (Leavers), John
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. 1812–21 Englandd. after 1821 Rouen, France[br]English improver of lace-making machines that formed the basis for many later developments.[br]John Heathcote had shown that it was possible to make lace by machine with his patents of 1808 and 1809. His machines were developed and improved by John Levers. Levers was originally a hosiery frame-smith and setter-up at Sutton-in-Ashfield but moved to Nottingham, where he extended his operations to the construction of point-net and warp-lace machinery. In the years 1812 and 1813 he more or less isolated himself in the garret of a house in Derby Road, where he assembled his lacemaking machine by himself. He was helped by two brothers and a nephew who made parts, but they saw it only when it was completed. Financial help for making production machines came from the firm of John Stevenson \& Skipwith, lace manufacturers in Nottingham. Levers never sought a patent, as he was under the mistaken impression that additions or improvements to an existing patented machine could not be protected. An early example of the machine survives at the Castle Museum in Nottingham. Although his prospects must have seemed good, for some reason Levers dissolved his partnership with Stevenson \& Co. and continued to work on improving his machine. In 1817 he altered it from the horizontal to the upright position, building many of the machines each year. He was a friendly, kind-hearted man, but he seems to have been unable to apply himself to his business, preferring the company of musicians—he was a bandmaster of the local militia—and was soon frequently without money, even to buy food for his family. He emigrated in 1821 to Rouen, France, where he set up his lace machines and where he subsequently died; when or in what circumstances is unknown. His machine continued to be improved and was adapted to work with the Jacquard mechanism to select the pattern.[br]Further ReadingW.Felkin, 1967, History of the Machine-wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufactures, reprint, Newton Abbot (orig. pub. 1867) (the main account of the Levers machine).W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (a brief account of the Levers lace machine).D.M.Smith, 1965, Industrial Archaeology of the East Midlands, Dawlish (includes an illustration of Levers's machine).RLH -
8 Robinson, George J.
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1712 Scotlandd. 1798 England[br]Scottish manufacturer who installed the first Boulton \& Watt rotative steam-engine in a textile mill.[br]George Robinson is said to have been a Scots migrant who settled at Burwell, near Nottingham, in 1737, but there is no record of his occupation until 1771, when he was noticed as a bleacher. By 1783 he and his son were describing themselves as "merchants and thread manufacturers" as well as bleachers. For their thread, they were using the system of spinning on the waterframe, but it is not known whether they held a licence from Arkwright. Between 1776 and 1791, the firm G.J. \& J.Robinson built a series of six cotton mills with a complex of dams and aqueducts to supply them in the relatively flat land of the Leen valley, near Papplewick, to the north of Nottingham. By careful conservation they were able to obtain considerable power from a very small stream. Castle mill was not only the highest one owned by the Robinsons, but it was also the highest mill on the stream and was fed from a reservoir. The Robinsons might therefore have expected to have enjoyed uninterrupted use of the water, but above them lived Lord Byron in his estate of Newstead Priory. The fifth Lord Byron loved making ornamental ponds on his property so that he could have mock naval battles with his servants, and this tampered with the water supplies so much that the Robinsons found they were unable to work their mills.In 1785 they decided to order a rotative steam engine from the firm of Boulton \& Watt. It was erected by John Rennie; however, misfortune seemed to dog this engine, for parts went astray to Manchester and when the engine was finally running at the end of February 1786 it was found to be out of alignment so may not have been very successful. At about the same time, the lawsuit against Lord Byron was found in favour of the Robinsons, but the engine continued in use for at least twelve years and was the first of the type which was to power virtually all steamdriven mills until the 1850s to be installed in a textile mill. It was a low-pressure double-acting condensing beam engine, with a vertical cylinder, parallel motion connecting the piston toone end of a rocking beam, and a connecting rod at the other end of the beam turning the flywheel. In this case Watt's sun and planet motion was used in place of a crank.[br]Further ReadingR.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (for an account of the installation of this engine).D.M.Smith, 1965, Industrial Archaeology of the East Midlands, Newton Abbot (describes the problems which the Robinsons had with the water supplies to power their mills).S.D.Chapman, 1967, The Early Factory Masters, Newton Abbot (provides details of the business activities of the Robinsons).J.D.Marshall, 1959, "Early application of steam power: the cotton mills of the Upper Leen", Transactions of the Thoroton Society of Nottinghamshire 60 (mentions the introduction of this steam-engine).RLH
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